The Voice of Allan Zade
That pointless connection with twisted meaning was inherited by science from Galileo’s work. His example of calculation, where Time appears alongside the other physical properties of objects, leads to the foundation of mathematics that uses Time as one of the natural properties of the objects (processes) and subsequently as the physical property of the Universe. Galileo did not see any difference in the estimation of Time and any other property of an object in his experiments. He could measure the mass by a scale and volume using length units and subsequent calculations. Hence estimation of Time was natural to him. He had a device (clepsydra) that “tells” him about the passage of Time even if he had no idea about the nature of that property.
Measuring a property was more notable for Galileo than knowledge about the origin of measuring property.
Moreover, he should have taken all measurable properties as physical (natural) properties of the objects involved in his experiments. Sir Isaac Newton used the same method in his famous work many years later. He gave a mathematical description of gravitation, but he never described or explained the physical origin of that property. Hence, the physical origin of gravitation has remained under question for many decades (even today).
That delusion of Time was lately embedded in the body of growing science. The connection between measurement and the physical property of an object became so intense that nobody could overcome that link. Measurement has a strong relationship with mathematics because the calculation is impossible without measurement. That was one more aspect of science invented by Galileo. As soon as measurement system was involved in natural philosophy, mathematical descriptions of physical processes became possible. Hence, measurement and calculation in science spread widely in the following decades. The most fundamental relation between research and calculation was realized in a work named “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.” Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), 1687, was one of the most important single works in the history of modern science.” (Newton, Sir Isaac. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica) It supports Galileo’s point of view on measuring Time and calculating physical processes that reference Time. Still, even Sir Isaac Newton and his predecessor Galileo never gave us any satisfactory definition of Time.
Gradually, clepsydras became widely used in the Middle Ages. People try to make that device suitable for wide usage. For example, they were able to create a big clepsydra to make it possible to indicate the passage of hours, but a big clepsydra had one big problem. As soon as they make big clepsydra, they try to use it. Still, before using that device, it was necessary to calibrate clepsydra according to an indication of some other device that shows the duration of some other process independent of readings of big clepsydra.
A sundial was the only device that produced such readings. Still, as mentioned above, a sundial could indicate only seasonal hours. (i.e., hours with a different duration in different seasons). Moreover, the duration of the sun day is different according to geographical latitude. For instance, the duration of a day in North Italy is lesser in winter months and more prolonged in summer months compared to the duration of the same day in South Italy. As a result, a big clepsydra calibrated in Naples during the summer months has an incorrect indication in the winter months.
Moreover, a perfect clepsydra produced in Venice had a false indication as soon as it was transported to Reggio di Calabria (South Italy). Such behavior makes a clepsydra impractical. It can not be used to measure durations longer than a few hours.
Moreover, the variable duration of an hour according to the indication of seasonal hours caused some difficulty, too, and the worst thing was that sundials could not indicate hours at night. All those things led to the invention of a usable method to indicate hours with equal duration during the day and night. That was a human decision that had only one reason—human comfort and usable readings of that device at any moment of the day or night.
Ancient sundials indicate hours with different durations. According to their indication, each summer hour is longer than the winter hour. As mentioned above, Galileo used clepsydra because of the inconsistency of the sundial. If he used a sundial (or any other device based on the indication of a sundial), each experiment with the same duration had a lesser measuring duration in summer and a longer measuring duration in winter. Galileo could not produce any accurate calculation for any experiment using such duration estimation. Still, in the ordinary sense of other people, the difference between the duration of summer and winter hours raises no question because winter days have a lesser duration than summer days. It was an obvious observation for them.
To correctly estimate his experiments, he has to break the relationship between the variable duration of sun hours and the constant duration of other physical processes. The duration of that process must be independent of the Sun's motion in the sky. And he found such a process. That process appears as a result of the interaction between gravity and liquid. Even at night, the same process was measurable because the gravitational interaction between liquid and the Earth exists eternally. As soon as it was done, the logical link between the notion of Time and the location of the Sun in the sky was broken. Hence, “Time” and its implications become more useless than ever.