The Voice of Allan Zade
After a few centuries, new people with new minds appeared in Europe. Even after many years of staying in limbo, they considered the ancient world a source of some valuable ideas. Many words of Greek origin were again in use, as were ideas that they represented. Here, European civilization met one powerful mind shift that subsequently enormously impacted humankind in all following generations. It was a matter of words.
As soon as Greek words are used again in new alphabets, they connect with the meaning of the other words. Many of them were translated and mistranslated according to different circumstances and the purpose or usage of a given word. The word Chronos suffered the same fate of some misunderstanding and misusing. According to contemporary sources, we have the following information related to that word and a number of the other words that are extremely close in the inscription to the first one.
Preposition chrono- has the following definition “chrono- ['krɒnəʊ] form relating to time chronometry. Origin: from Greek khronos ‘time’”. (Oxford Dictionary, English-English, electronic edition)
“Anachronism is (from Greek ana, “back,” and chronos, “time”), neglect or falsification, intentional or not, of chronological relation. It is most frequently found in works of imagination that rest on a historical basis, in which appear details borrowed from a later age; e.g., a clock in William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, an attendant to the Pharaoh shod in tennis shoes in Cecil B. deMille's The Ten Commandments. Anachronisms originate in disregard of the different modes of life and thought that characterize different periods or in ignorance of the facts of history.”
- anachronism. (2008). Encyclopedia Britannica 2008 Deluxe Edition. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Hence Cronos as well as Chronos was connected to a celestial process with one year duration. His (that god’s) relationship with agriculture gives us direct link between responsibility of that god and duration of a year because vegetation itself follows one year circle. For ancient people, it was the strongest circle of life in its native implementation. As it mentioned in the citation, “he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn”. Who was that god?
“Saturn Latin Saturnus, in Roman religion, the god of sowing or seed. The Romans equated him with the Greek agricultural deity Cronus. The remains of Saturn's temple at Rome, eight columns of the pronaos (porch), still dominate the west end of the Forum at the foot of the Clivus Capitolinus. It served as the treasury (aerarium Saturni) of the Roman state. Saturn's cult partner was the obscure goddess Lua, whose name is connected with lues (plague, or destruction); but he was also associated with Ops, another obscure goddess (perhaps of the earth's fertility), the cult partner of Consus, probably a god of the storage bin.
“Saturn's great festival, the Saturnalia, became the most popular of Roman festivals, and its influence is still felt in the celebration of Christmas and the Western world's New Year. The Saturnalia was originally celebrated on December 17, but it was later extended to seven days. It was the merriest festival of the year: all work and business were suspended; slaves were given temporary freedom to say and to do what they liked; certain moral restrictions were eased; and presents were freely exchanged. The weekday Saturday (Latin Saturni dies) was named for Saturn.”
- Saturn. (2008). Encyclopedia Britannica 2008 Deluxe Edition. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Saturn and his predecessor Cronus were linked to the same one-year circle. Even modern-day events based on a one-year circle are still valuable to modern people. Moreover, the name of a weekday, Saturday, means an event that happens once every seven days—the duration of a week.
As the explanation and citations above clearly show, all of the mentioned gods had direct connections to the duration of celestial phenomena, such as a day and a year (in general). Hence, we have the following sequence of links to the duration of celestial events associated with a year: Chronos, Cronus, Cronos, Kronos, Khronos, Saturnus, and Saturn.