The human illusion of postulates

According to official facts of human history, Galileo used his telescope to observe all things possible, from distant mountains on the Earth to celestial bodies.

Once upon a time, Galileo aimed his telescope at Jupiter and became astonished by its site. Surprisingly, he saw one big object and four little objects around it.

Galileo tried to comprehend something that he saw by “a well-established knowledge.” However, that seemed impossible because the Holy Book (Bible) gave no explanation of what he saw. It was a first-level problem for his mind because clear observation of something that was not ever mentioned in “the primary source of knowledge” looked weird at first.

Galileo thought further. He understood that if something was not mentioned in the “the primary source of knowledge,” then someone who created that “source of knowledge” had no idea about the physical universe. Therefore, that “source of knowledge” cannot be written by words of “an angel” or anything else like that because an angel flies high and sees Jupiter and its “moons” from a little distance. Therefore, it should be mentioned in “the primary source of knowledge.” Otherwise, “the primary source of knowledge” becomes wrong.

The main problem of all postulate-based theories appears here. On the one hand, a theory can use only aspects accessible at the time of its creation (in the form of a set of phenomena). On the other hand, all other unknown aspects remain hidden from the theory and cannot be used as a consistent part of that theory (in the form of a set of noumena). In other words,

As mentioned above, an edge experiment is one that a researcher conducts for the first time in the civilization's history. In Galileo's case, it was his observation of Jupiter (and its moons) by telescope.

Galileo also tried to comprehend another problem. He tried to apply the idea of celestial spheres to something that he saw around Jupiter. According to "a well-established theory of that time," celestial bodies use celestial spheres to make rotations around other bodies.

In that case, Jupiter should have four spheres to carry four moons. Those spheres should be put into another to form something that Galileo saw. More than that, those spheres should have an "axis" to make their rotation. That axis should be "connected in some way" to the celestial sphere of Jupiter to carry all sets of celestial bodies, including Jupiter and all its moons. The complexity of celestial mechanics increases rapidly that way.

Galileo also tries to find anything that looks like that axis. However, all his efforts failed despite many nights of sky observation by the telescope. It was another problem of comprehension. If "the axis" does not exist, then celestial spheres around Jupiter cannot hold their positions relative to each other and keep rotation. Moreover, when Jupiter does not connect to its sphere directly, it can be "held in the right position" only by some "axis" that carries the planet and all its moons. If that axis does not exist, then all celestial spheres around Jupiter and the planet itself should "fall down," crushing all other spheres and destroying celestial mechanics given by Ptolemy's theory.

Galileo also understood this. Celestial mechanics should be built from scratch because it uses fundamental categories other than "spheres and axis" when "the Jupiter axis" does not exist.

Galileo thought further and took another action that later became associated with the "thought experiment." He images an observer on the surface of Jupiter's moon. He tries to visualize something that such an observer does see. To his surprise, that "thought experiment" led to some observation very close to the observation of an Earth-bound observer when the Earth makes revolutions around the Sun and becomes one of the "other planets."

Galileo was astonished at how easily that way of thinking solved many "unanswerable" questions coming from Ptolemy's theory, including loops that planets show in the sky. However, that way of thinking disproves "a well-established theory of Ptolemy" about celestial spheres. In that case, the Earth becomes a moving and rotating planet. That way of thought also disproves the fundamental categories of "human knowledge" as soon as it falsifies "the fundamental part of social comprehension of the Universe given by Church."

Later actions of both sides confirmed the highest level of disagreement between them. Galileo tried to spread his point of view based on his observations. The Church tried to suppress those attempts in all possible ways, including the Inquisition. Galileo was also charged with "heresy" and faced two possibilities: being burned at the stake as a "heretic" or renouncing his point of view about "moving Earth."

Galileo chose the second way to save his life. He renounced his "heresy" to return to "a socially acceptable person." His book about celestial mechanics was published with forewords of another person who claimed Galileo's point of view as "mathematical speculations" capable of making calculations without any relationship to reality. In other words,